Biology 12 Notes

The Excretory trunk Main functions of the excretory system atomic number 18 oto bring cut wastes and expel them from the trunk oto regulate unruffleds and pissing supply system within the dead body or so metabolic wastes and toxins atomic number 18 dissolved in the bodys intragroup purlieu, so the maintenance of the body mobiles is essential for keeping the body apologise of waste products enabling it to function properly. Excretion in Invertebrates and Non-mammaliam Vertebrates Single celled organisms and dim-witted multicellular organisms produce the same metabolic wastes and toxic compounds as more(prenominal) complex organism However wastes atomic number 18 excreted directly from their cells since they seduce unbroken contact with the external environment. The greater challenge for simple organisms is maintaining a bland repose with their external environment An example is paramecium If they ar non able to maintain a fluid balance they would continuously cast body of water from the environment and eventually burst oTo expel excess water, these protozoans guide contractile vacuoles, which pump out water to maintain osmotic balance More complex organisms face different challenges Some invertebrates much(prenominal) as earthworms have excretory organs called matanephridia that expel wastes from the body. oA fluid that serves as some(prenominal) interstitial fluid and bood cognise as hemolymph flows into a pair of metanphridia. oIons and wastes argon reabsorbed from the hemolymph and secreted with water into a saclike organ called the bladder.General Biology Ii postulate Guide (Online Class)From there, the excess water and waste products are secreted to the external environment done with(predicate) a poke in the side of the worms body. Insects like grasshoppers excrete wastes uses a set of organs called malpighian tubules. oThe closed fetch up of the organs are surrounded with hemolymph while open ends empty into bowels. oSub stances, such as uric vinegarish, and potassium and sodium ions are secreted into the tubules. oWhen concentration of the substances increases, water movies osmotically from the hemolymph into the tubule to orm a dilute waste solution and thusly it travels to the intestine of the insect where the cells reabsorb most of the K+ and Na+ back up into hemolymph oWater moves back and forth using osmosis. oUric acidulous is left behind and haomas crystals and is then expelled tellurian reptiles and most birds conserve water by excreting nitrogen-bearing wastes in the form of an almost water free paste of uric acid crystals. oIts excreted into the cloaca (end of the digestive system) and re move from the body along with the digestive wastes oThe white substance in bird droppings is uric acid while the darker substance is feces. Those that live in or around salinity water take in large quantities of common salinity and rarely drink fresh water therefore they excrete excess salt throu gh specialized salt glands in the head. oSalt glands remove salts from the assembly line using prompt transport. oSalt is secreted to the environment as a water solution oThe concentration of this is 2 to three times more than that in the body fluids. oSecretion exits through the anterior naris of birds and lizards and as salty tears from sea turtles and crocodilians. The Human Excretory System All vertebrates used specialized tubules called nephrons to regulate water balance in the body and conduct excretion. They are located in the kidneys which are the major(ip) organs of excretory. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra together make up the sympathetic excretory system. Kidneys hunt a critical role in oRemoving wastes oBalancing argument line pH oMaintaining the bodys water balance Mammals have two kidneys on for each one side of the vertebrate column Human kidneys o150g oreceives 25% of cardiac proceeds (1. 25 L/min. ) descent is supplied through nephritic a rtery. Renal refers to the kidneys Kidney filters the wastes from the seam and clean blood exits the kidney through the renal veins. Outer layer of the kidney is called the renal lens cortex Inner layer is called the renal medulla A dig out cavity called the renal pelvis, connects the kidney to the ureter through which the peeing passes to the urinary bladder. Once the bladder is full, (300 to 400 mL of urine) the urine exits through the urethra Nephrons Each kidney contains about 1 000 000 nephrons They are the functional unit of a kidney Nephrons are differentiated into regions to coiffure a serioes of steps One end is the archers space contraction which is a small folded structure that encircles a group of blood capillaries, the glomerulus in the cortex The glomerulus performs the first step of filtration of blood to form urine Blood is supplied to the glomerulus by the afferent arteriole and then after being filtered it exits via motorial arteriole and then called into n et capillaries called the peritubular capillaries. They carry the urine and allow for reabsorption of essential ions and minerals back into bloodstream. First Steps of Filtration Components of unfiltered blood pass from glomerulus into the bowmans ejection seat and enter a proximal knobbed tubule which lies in the cortex The tubule descends into the medulla and forms a u shaped structure called tat of Henle before rising again to form a distal convolve tubule The distal tubule drains the urine into collecting ducts that lead to renal pelvis and then it is emptied through the ureter to the bladder The Formation of piddle Different sections of the nephron have specialized functions in the formation of urine and conservation of water Urine is hypoosmotic in ammals meaning that water tends to move from urine into the body fluids this is an rendering that conserves water Three features of nephrons 1. Conserve nutrients and water 2. Balance salts 3. quash wastes for excretion Uri ne formation is the result of three interrelated processes oFiltration occurs when the body fluids move from the blood into the bowmans capsule oReabsorption transfers essential solutes and water from the nephrons back into the blood oSecretion transfers essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood Filtration Urine formation begins in the bowmans capsule The cells of the bowmans capsule and the capillaries that surround it have a selectively permeable tissue layer that are wide enough to admit water, ions, small nutrient molecules ( glucose and amino acids), and nitrogenous waste molecules. The high pressure of blood in the glomerule drives the fuid that contrains these molecules and ions into the capsule. Blood cells, platelets and blood plasma proteins are too large therefore they are retained in capillaries Fluid enters the bowmans capsule contains only small molecules This is known as filtrationReabsorption The filtered fluid contains urea, water, ions, an d other molecules that are in the same concentrations as they are in the blood plasma. The fluid enters the proximal convoluted tubule where reabsorption occurs Water, ions, and nutrients are transferred back via passive and sprightly transport Speclizied ion pumps transport postassium sodium and chlorine from the filter into the fluid surrounding the tubule. Active transport proteins in the walls of tubule reabsorb amino acids glucose and other nutrients Urea and other unwanted compounds are not absorbed Microvilli in the inner walls increases surface area that is ready(prenominal) for reabsorption of solutes All of the Reabsorption processes make the filtrate hypoosmotic to the interstitial fluid, this causes water to flow out of the tubule and into interstitial fluid by osmosis The movement of water is facilitated by membrane proteins called aquaporins or water channels They ensure that the utmost amount of water is removed from the tubule during reabsorption The remaining fl uid has a high concentration of urea and other wastes moves into the loop of henle. More water is absorbed Then as it goes up the ascending the Na and Cl are out of the tubule Towards the top of the ascending segment ions are moved out by active transport Thus as the fluid flows through the loop og henle water nutrients and ions are conserved and returned to body fluids and urea and other nitrogenous wastes have become endured in the filtrate The distal convoluted tubule removes additional water and salts Ore ions and solutes more out of the fluid than into it Amount of urea and other nitrogenous wastes remain the same. Concentrated urea and wastes flow into the collecting ducts which concentrated the urine more Collecting ducts decend from cortex through medulla Permeable to water but not to salt ions Concentration of solutes increases with depth as fluid decends into the medulla Secretion removal of waste products from blood and fluids Wastes are secreted at several points Some wastes are secreted rom interstitial fluid into proximal convoluted tubule H+ ions are actively secreted and the products of detoxified poisons from liver are passively secreted Ammonia secreted into the tubule Secretion of H+ ions into the filtrate helps to balance the acidity that is generated constantly hormones triggered by changes in salt concentrations vary the amounts of K+ and H+ secreted if acidity rises the excess H+ ions are secreted into collecting ducts and excreted when urine reaches the bottom of the collecting ducts it is roughly 4x as concentrate urine flows into the renal pelvis through the ureters and into the bladder Kidney Disease essential function properly to maintain water balance and homeostasis they are unnatural by disease or injury in other move of the body because in contact with blood and wastes from everywhere break down of kidney can impact any organ urinalysis contents of urine are analyzed for traces of metabolites and molecules that result from disease diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficient secretion of insulin causes blood sugar level to rise it can be find in urinalysis kidney stone re an affliction of E. S. caused by the buildup of mineral solutes such as oxalates phosphates and carbonates. These combine with calcium to produce crystals that accumulate and form stones the can cause pain because they are sharp stones Broken up by high energy sound cockles in process called extracorporeal shoch wave lithotripsy ESWL Also can be removed by uteroscope or surgical process Loss of kidney function requires the use of dialysis In dialysis blood is run through filtering machine and the loss of kidney function results to need of kidney transplant ? Definitions 1. Contractile Vacuole A structure in a single-celled organism that maintains osmotic labyrinthine sense by pumping excess fluid out of the cell. . Metanephridium An excretory organ in some invertebrates that is used to reabsorb and eliminate wastes 3. Malpighian Tubule the main organ of exretion in insects, which is used to carry wastes to the intestines 4. Nephron the tiny functional unit of the kidney that filters wastes from the blood 5. Bowmans Capsule a small folded structure in the human kidney that encircles the glomerulus 6. Glomerulus a network of capillaries within the Bowmans capsule that perform the first step in the filtration of blood 7.Afferent arteriole A vessel that supplies blood to the nephrons in the human kidneysRead also Lab 2 Biology8. Efferent arteriole A vessel that carries blood from the nephrons in the human kidneys 9. Peritubular Capillaries a net of capillaries in the nephrons that reabsorb essential ions and minerals from filtered blood 10. proximal convoluted tubule the duct portion of a nephron that connects the bowmans capsule to the loop of Henle 11. Loop of Henle the U-shaped part of the duct that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule 12.Distal convoluted tubule the duct p ortion of a nephron that connects the loop of Henle to the ducts that lead to the renal pelvis 13. Filtration the process in which blood and fluid pass through a selectively permeable membrane 14. Reabsorption the transfer of water, ions, and nutrients back to the interstitial fluid via passive and active transport 15. Aquaporin a membrane protein that passively transports water molecules 16. Secretion the removal of waste materials from the blood and intercellular fluid