Global Change Essay -- Environmental Biology Science Essays

Global Change interpolation Global Change is a new mutli-disciplinary science which seeks to understand the assorted ways the environment is being altered by mans activities. The mechanisms of change be referred to as anthropogenic forcings and are usually involved with atmospheric readjustment or land-use changes. The atmosphere is being altered by the addition of umpteen chemicals including carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur compounds, halogen compounds and various aerosols. Land-use changes include habitat fragmentation, conversion to awkward uses and biome conversion from introduced exotic species. As the human population continues to expand it puts change magnitude pressure on ecosystem services (Cairns, 1996). Ecosystem services are those benefits man derives from the raw(a) world including air and water of a composition which promotes health, soil and nutrients in which to grow food, plants to convert sunlight into energy and an atmosphere which provides livable modality conditions. Global Change research attempts to quantify and understand these processes and how human activities may alter them. Current research programs are being conducted by the field Science Foundation, the get together Nations, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Project (Walker, 1994), the World Wildlife Fund for temper and many other nations and international organizations.Atmospheric ChangeGlobal warm up One of the most heated debates on global change is the porta of global warming. The first hints of global warming came from David Keelings Mauna Loa Observatory carbon dioxide selective information which showed repeated yearly fluctuations and a definite upward trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (Graedel, 1993). Since then... .../www.lib.utexas.edu80/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/ Map_collection.html 7. Sustainable Development http//www.ulb.ac.be/ceese/sustvl.html 8. Environment right away http//enviro.mond.org/ 9. national Biological Surve y http//www.im.nbs.gov/ 10. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research http//www.unidata.ucar.edu/ 11. National Climatic Data Center http//www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncdc.html 12. United Nations International Panel on Climate Change http//www.unep.ch/ipcc/ipcc- O.html 13. Global Change Master Directory http//www.gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/ 14. U.S. D.O.E. Carbon Dioxide knowledge Analysis Center http//cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ 15. The Nature Conservancy http//www.tnc.org/16. EPA Global Warming Page http//www.epa.gov/globalwarming/home.htm17. United Nations Global Environment Outlook 1997 http//www.grid.unep.ch/geol/

Longevity research Essay

Today, a great fare of passel gravel learned to enjoy bread and exceptter once once more than as a senior in the community. This would speak of those in the 70s and beyond. vivification expectancy for Ameri foots, which was a mere 49 old age in 1900, has flat ontogenesis to close to 76 years. This we can say is due to improvements in wellness tending, nutrition, and the all over altogether standard of life twain. Not only are quite a little living interminable, hardly they are becoming more than than active in their older age, relative to antiquated of the quondam(prenominal).More older Americans are suitable carry out their own instrumental activities of daily living (Hodes 2003) As such, the desire for life has grown and billions pitch been poured into higher status research, an undertaking take to bet to find ways and means to extend life. A vast motivation in science has been puff up-funded to discover how to keep man alive longer, with its aim toward more and more years. (Douglas 2006) thither are misgivings however one must guess in light of this, namely, leave a society with many living over a hundred years be actually as beautiful as it seems to present?The first concern would be the attribute of life bindn that although the body may be kept wellness, the star bequeath be maturement. Surely, the mind at the age of 110 is non as lucid as that of one at the age of 60. There are many diseases that correlate with the aging brain, but let us use the more common Alzheimers disease as an example. This is a devastating condition that has been seen to have a profound impact on individuals, families, the health care system, and society as a whole.Demographic studies raise that if the current trends maintain themselves, the annual rate of incident cases of this disease pull up stakes begin a sharp increase in the year 2030 thitherabouts. (Alzheimers association 2009) This will be a time that people innate(p) between 1946 a nd 1964 will all be over 65 years. Studies upgrade show that by the year 2050, the modus operandi of Americans with the disease could double. cypher these implications. Its true that people live longer, but accordingly(prenominal) what quality of life can one have if he lives 20 years more but has lost memory of his family and friends.This disease accounts for around 50-50% of cases of dementia. With increase higher status, there will be a large increase in the prevalence of the disease as people will be living to be older. It can be such difficulty to the individual to live in a condition where for years he is grasping at memories that he cannot recall. Its an incredible burden to the family as well, as they will straightway be responsible for more elderly, living longer lives, incapable of self-importance care, and maybe pull down incapable of recognizing kin.Imagine a scenario where a elevate is 110 years old, their child being 85 and their grandchild at 60, how would i t be feasible for the turn of care to pass from parent to child in such a scenario where all are classifiable as aged. A second concern is that apart from the aging mind, there is also the aging body. It is true that the individual will be living long, but and so there are multitudes of risks that will accompany this. The wear and tear from all the years will like a shot set in as he will now be more prone to multitudes of disease as years go by.Sicknesses like arthritis of the joints, a sum total attack, stokes, cataracts, diabetes and many more will all now be factors that come into play. Even worse, should the someone gain a long-playing debilitating condition, one with no therapeutic such as the case of Alzheimers previously mentioned, then again what kind of quality of life can he sustain? allows take a stroke for example. Currently, a stroke is the terzetto jumper cable nominate of closing in the joined States. Statistics show that over 143,579 people die each year i n the United States from this condition. this instant in terms of long term disability, stroke is the leading flummox as people may live on with their life span after a completed stroke. Furthermore, having a stroke does not mean that a person cannot have another one to save cause disability. Now, it is seen that nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of 65. It is also noted that the risk of having a stroke more than multiply each decade after the age of 55. (Internet Stroke Center 2009) This is not even accounting for those who go through strokes at a untried age.Now, given this data, imagine the risk for one who is to live until 120 years old. Imagine if a large bulk of population were to live this long, then the worldwide prevalence of stroke survivors would be high. After a stroke, it is very(prenominal) possible for one to lose control of speech, of movement in half(prenominal) a body, of mobility, and sometimes even requiring full time nursing care. The implications on a person and a family would be immense. Given that strokes occur generally in people over 65, imagine having one at 70 and then living for 40 more years. How would one survive that lonely(prenominal) without the capacity to communicate.Its true that one can live with the heart beating, but the question is in terms of quality of life. Another concern that also affects health will be the incidence of depression. A longer life for one pardner would mean having to live through the death of loved ones. Longevity increases the number of years one would live past the death of a spouse and family. Studies can increase life but imagine a scenario where a parent has to live past his spouse children and grandchildren. Again, the concern regarding quality of life comes in play is horny authorship is indeed a very important aspect of human life.Rebecca Utz, a sociologist at ISR stated While only about 6 percentage of widowed persons had serious financial problems since their spouse died, 63 percent describe less income and 34 percent said their financial strain change magnitude significantly after they were widowed. The negative economic consequences are even more pronounced for women than they are for men, and the declines are lasting, not a temporary give associated with funeral expenses or estate planning. (About. com 2009) This itself is proof of how ones death can affect an individual, not only in terms of health and emotion, but in terms of capability to function as well. change magnitude length of service means increasing the chances that people will outlive one, or even more spouses, and have to deal with many deaths for many years. Depression grade will increase as a consequence of spouses living well past their mates, their children and maybe even their grandchildren. A study conducted showed that eighty-four (24%) of 350 widows and widowers met criteria for depressive episodes at 2 months, 72 (23%) of 308 did so at 7 months, and 46 (16%) of 286 did so at 13 months, further supporting this claim that depression and emotional consequences of too much longevity should be of concern.(Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. 1991) A fourth point that should raise concern for biologic implications for longevity wind around care for the elderly. Today, families turn to nursing homes and assisted living to give the elderly the care and attention they need. The alarming factor now revolves around what actual care they are receiving in these places, as a congressional report made by CBS news correspondent Bill Whitaker previously stated that around 1,600 U. S. nursing homes, nearly one-third of all in total, have been cited for misapply.These reported abuses were of various types, spanning from physical, sexual and verbal. All abuse in all these forms is on the rise. The report further noted that that more than in two ways as many nursing homes were cited for abuse in 2000 than in 1996. It was further seen that in 1,601 nu rsing homes , around 1 in 10 abuse citations were made in serious incidents. By serious, it was meant that they either put residents at great risk of harm, injured them or killed them. (CBS news 2001) Imagine how greatly the health of these poor elderly could be affected by increased longevity.Already at this current time with our elderly, society is unable to go forth adequate care for them, and resorting to nursing homes and various assisted living environments that have led to elderly abuse. What more an increase can be evaluate if people were to live into the hundreds. The population would have a drastic increase in the aged, thus increasing the burden on society to care for them. If at this current day and age, society already is unable to look at the abuse problem, then the health implications of longevity are grave in that they will aggravate the abuse by increasing the number of elderly left alone.Investigators have further said that many violations are uncomplete detect ed nor reported, which leads officials to conclude that the problem is even underestimated. Surely, if society cannot currently eff the elderly and provide a good, healthy and safe environment for them, then there is no way that society can do so after a further increase in the aged that longevity research will bring. My fifth and final concern regarding longevity lies in the fact that it will now place a large amount of population that has needs to be fulfilled but cannot fulfill them on its own.Increasing longevity will increase the number of senior citizens and the number of non-working elderly dependent. The health concerns for this are immense, as the question that can now be raised is regarding who in society will provide for the health of these individuals who cannot earn a living for themselves. CDC research concerns states that the increased number of people with ages over 65 will potentially lead to increased health-care damages. The health-care cost per capita for perso ns from the age group over 65 years in the United States is three to five times greater than the cost for persons below that age.(CDC 2003) Imagine how this will increase if people were to live 20 years longer. Currently, the number of persons aged >65 years is expected to rise from around 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030. Longevity will even increase this number. Eventually, as resources will decline, then there will not be enough economic support to support the aged, leading to substandard healthcare and health risks. There may not be enough to provide them with medical needs, particularly because the working population may be outnumbered by the dependent elderly non-working populous.As such, in alignment with many other previously discussed claims, the promise of longevity, although seemingly tempting, may not exactly be as, wonderful as it seems to be.WORKS CITEDAbout. comMental health (2009) Losing a Spouse What Hurts and What Helps online in stock(pred icate) from <http//mentalhealth. about. com/library/sci/1102/blspouse1102. htm> April 6, 2009 Alzheimers association (2009) What is Alzheimersonline addressable from <http//www. alz. org/alzheimers_disease_what_is_alzheimers. aspearly> April 6, 2009CBS news (2001) Nursing Home Abuse Increasing online on hand(predicate) from <http//www. cbsnews. com/stories/2001/07/30/national/main304038. shypertext markup language> April 6, 2009 CDC (2003) Public Health and Aging Trends in Aging United States and Worldwide MMWR weeklyonline Available from <http//www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5206a2. htm> April 6, 2009 Douglas, J. (2006) New longevity research center launched to study supercentenarians Natural News online Available from < http//www. naturalnews. com/020701. html> April 6, 2009 Hodes, R.(2003) Human Longevity and Aging Research. Special Committee on Aging online Available from <http//www. nia. nih. gov/AboutNIA/BudgetRequests/HLAgingResearch. htm> Ap ril 6, 2009 Internet Stroke Center (2009) Stroke Statistics online Available from <http//www. strokecenter. org/patients/stats. htm> April 6, 2009 Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. (1991) Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse Am J Psychiatry online Available from <http//ajp. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/abstract/148/10/1346> April 6, 2009

Fellowship Of Ring Book

In his bracing, Tolkien uses the conflict amongst characters and temper to each hunting lodge that the consequences Of disrupting constitution are immediate and devastating. The meaning of character in this context is not refer anchor ring to the orientation of a certain thing, provided instead it is referring to the natural world. In Toolkits novel, the natural world can be symbolized the realm of his fictional Middle Earth. The hobbies run into several conflicts with nature on their tour through Middle Earth.For example, as they are preparing to go into the old(a) Forest, glad Brandenburg tells the other hobbies about the Bonfire glade secernateing, The hobbies came and cut toss off hundreds of trees, and made a retreat bonfire in the Forest, and burned any the ground in a languish strip east of the Hedge. (Tolkien 1 57) In the story, the Old Forest is not viewed as a quality today would be viewed. The Forest that the hobbies travel through is actually animate and has a personality and feelings. Therefore, the bonfire made by the mint of backhand can be seen as a terrible act of racial extermination in the context of the story.This act of cruelty is the foundation for the Forests hate against Frond, surface-to-air missile, Pippin, and Merry. Furthermore, the reflexion of the revenge of the Forest can be seen when Old while Willow, a willow tree in the Forest, swallows Merry and Pippin. By putting a tree that can seek revenge and swallow people entirely into his story, Tolkien highlights the importance of the immediate consequences of societys abuse of nature. Later, Sam and Frond try to think of how to call for Merry out, and Sam says, If it dont let them go, Ill adjudge it d feature if I have to gnaw at it. (Tolkien 1 66) The aggression arrangementn by the tree is unaccompanied describeed by more aggression from Sam. Tolkien wants us to end this constant wheel around of aggression. Merry warns Sam from inside the tree that, if they hurt Old Man Willow any more, the tree will split him in two. If Sam does not stop his aggression, there will be deadly consequences for Merry Brandenburg. Here, Tolkien reveals to us the devastating and deadly consequences of societys aggression towards nature. Today, one of the biggest consequences of societys abuse of nature is global warming.By not being environmentally aware of the consequences of our actions, we have caused a situation that could potentially be catastrophic. By using these conflicts of character versus nature, Tolkien teaches todays society that it needs to recognize these immediate and deadly consequences and stop the hectically show of aggression it has towards nature. In addition to the conflict of person versus nature, Tolkien uses the conflict between a character and his fate to show that people should choose their own fate and make their own destiny.It is easy to see in the novel how some characters are enunciating of their fate, while others are not on ly buy up their fate, but freely choose it. For example, when Frond first finds out from Gangland how principal(prenominal) the ring is, he is much less than accepting of the task that is forrader of him. Frond whines, Gangland, what am to do? For now am really afraid. What am to do? What a pity that Bilbo did not stab that vile creature Googol, when he had a chance (Tolkien 92) Gangland scolds Frond for wishing death upon someone so unreasonably.Frond realizes he was at fault and eventually does accept his task of carrying the ring because he has to. However, it seems that if he had to choice, he would not want the responsibility of the ring. On the contrary, Sam is completely willing to accept his fate. After Sam sees the elves that he has been so curious about, Frond gives him the choice to continue following him On the journey or to go back to the shire. Sam replies, l dont know how to say it, but I seem to see ahead, in a physique of way. Now we are going to take a rattli ng long road, into darkness, but know cant turn back. I dont rightly know what I want but I have something to do before the end, and it lies ahead, not in the shire. (Tolkien 127) Sam does not know what his fate is. All he knows is that he needs to follow it. After Cams encounter with the elves and the decision to follow his fate, he grows in maturity and takes on more responsibility. Tolkien wants people today to be like Sam, and accept what they have to do and be alert in choosing their own Sistine, even though it may not be in their interest.Most importantly, Tolkien uses the conflict between the character and himself to show that people should bid for something that is greater than themselves. In this story, Tolkien stresses that friends should fight for one another. The hobbies are not very brave creatures, but Frond and his fellowship would do anything for each other. For example, Frond thinks about go forth his friends behind and escaping the barrow-Wight but, the courage that had awakened in him was now too safe he could not leave his friends so easily. Tolkien 195) He stays and fights for his friends by drawing out his dagger and cutting off the hand of the move arm that was about to lop off the heads of his unconscious friends. This was a altruistic act by Frond, and it took an enormous amount of courage on his expose to not run away. Today people are very narcissistic and greedy. People obsess over themselves so much that they rarely compute others when making decisions, even if they are considered friends. Through the internal conflict of Frond, Tolkien is teaches people that they should act with the same kind Of selflessness that Frond did.

Symbolism and Imagery

Choices, nonp areil would put cardinal over to make a sell of these in his lifetime. While there argon minor prime(a)s, there ar major one(a)s, either way, making a cream never sum so easy. Making a choice is one of lifes around challenging hurdles apiece and each person would subscribe to to go through. It is one of those times when all of mans senses are at work. The eyes get to see what to watch out for, as far as it empennage navigate through the blinding horizon. The ears need to heed the advices of those who has been there and done that, and do their own assessment of impenetrable slightons that scrape up by.The nose of necessity to smell the roses from time to time as life does not always have to be without pleasures, happiness from un intricate things fuels the soul to go on and move on. The mouth needs to call off out to release the madness it cannot contain such(prenominal) as it renders a smile at life whenever blessings come its way. And the sense of touch needs to feel the inviolable trails ahead as it needs to bleed ein truth so often to remind him that he is human and that pain makes him stronger.In the like manner, it needs to feel the smoothness of the sail for no exit how hard the circumstances turns out to be, life is good and it is truely a thing of beauty beyond words and human comprehension. At certain points in life, one is confronted by certain yields in the street he threads on. These are the moments when he has to make a decision. And yes only one way to go. E very(prenominal) choice a person makes becomes the essential elements that specialize his whole being. Robert hoarfrosts numbers, A course Not interpreted was written with the use of symbolisms.The poem was rough making life ever-changing decision as well as the repercussions of each choice one makes. It tells more(prenominal) than having to pick a single road to thread. While the choice one makes is crucial no one knows for sure what lies beyond the plica of either way. After all, life is a journey and its destination is kept a mystery until one reaches the conclusion as the sun sets to commemorate the end of his beautiful life. The moment one issuances his first stride on that road he chooses to thread, he can never take a step back and walk the otherwise way.The wood Frost speaks about in this poem is symbolic of the world man lives in. On the other hand, the dark wood is symbolic of the solitude of oneself on which confines the finest literary works begins to materialize. Most people choose the other of the two roads particularly the one that is usually trodden for it promises a not so complicated path. As a dictate of human nature, people would not daring take the road less traveled for naturally if one has a choice, he would go for the one with less hassles, with less challenges, with less pain.Frost also utilized imagery in this particular poem that he wrote. The leaves that are kept undisturbed on the ground tell the readers that the road they cover is less traveled by. While making a choice is a fact of life and as usual and certain as the rising and setting of the sun, all time one does make a choice, it is almost as if he has never done so. The imagery of this poem implies the need to choose one of the two roads, where none gives even only if a hint of what is laid in store for both traveler who walks by. The poems structure is one that is frank, distinct, and strong at the similar time.Its focal point is on making a choice, the right one at that as well as the thoughts that runs through ones brain every time he has to make life changing decisions. The speaker in the poem opted to thread in the road that is less traveled by. This choice he made does tell so much about who he is and what he is made of. He is one of the some who would dare to set apart from all the rest who would rather perch in their comfort zones for fear of not being able to resurrect the challenge that lies ahead. He is characteristically more bold, valiant, and full of pride.He knew for a fact that there is not need to conform and seeking to be different can give a tremendous amount of felicity in the end. He is someone who is certain about what he wants to further out of life. For him, conformity is a dead end. The faith he has for his beliefs, he chooses to keep. He knows when and how to battle it out whenever fate tests his principles and the values he holds in high regard. He is someone at peace with his individuality and his uniqueness, the very elements that defines who he is in all the ways that matter.He knows that he is very much capable of making that choice that could do him good. He has agency that he can very well navigate his life and take charge of his own fate no matter what it takes and how hard it can be. While no one will ever know what could have been if he opted for the road he did not choose, regrets may come naturally. Nonetheless, not taking the easy way ou t is more fulfilling and then makes all the difference. For when one deems that he made the right choice, regrets are much easier to dismiss.Each and every person alive live with choices until the go away time he gasps for air to breathe. Every choice has its own component of repercussions and do create an impact and leaves a mark in each life it touches. In conclusion, this poem is one piece of poetry that outlives its author. It is eonian as it leaves a lesson that remains true today and even afterwards several years more since it was written. It helps its readers to contemplate more on every choice they make as it would navigate the wheels of life in more ways than one and in every imaginable circumstance there is.Indeed, making a choice is one of lifes most challenging hurdles each and every person would have to go through. For inevitably, every person would have to make a decision for every opportunity in his life wherein he is required come up with one. Whenever he does, he must make it a point that he does so in the best of his ability. All because every choice he makes determines every twist of fate in the life he leads. And every choice he decides upon makes or breaks the life he worked so hard to live the best way he knew how.Works CitedA Road Not Taken. 2008. Bartleby.com. Retrieved May 9, 2007, fromhttp//www.bartleby.com/119/1.html.

DOTA Addiction Essay

compete w climb onrs is a natural part of growing. Its unitary way that kids need to socialize, compete, to fulfil their craving ego, to entertain, to have fun and sometimes to escape from depression. computing machine and online games, in close instances, are no to a greater extent dangerous than another(prenominal)wise games, which kids play outdoors. But sometimes, figurer and online games with the touch of modern technology, it become more than just play. They become an addiction. And when they become an addiction, it will be hard for the parents and to them to windup what has been started. Computer games are slowly arousing and it is one of the things that bring the negative effect. galore(postnominal) people are playing and having so much fun with this that grass be a form of entertainment.One of those addicting games is Defense of the Ancients (commonly known as DOTA) is a real-time online or LAN strategy computer game composing of two to ten or twelve players where you can prefer from over ninety unique characters you can play on. It requires focus, strategy, quick manpower and quick thinking when you are in difficult situations. The objective of the scenario is to set aside the opponents Ancient. The two ancient teams are hard guarded structures at opposing corners of the map.The game is very popular in the world in the Philippines and Thailand. It is also one of the most well-known computer games be played in Sweden and other Northern European countries. By these reasons, the popularity of this game has increase over time not only with these countries being mentioned but it has been getting more popular all over the world.As DOTA arises, many issues also arise. It may be about on relationships, peers, foes, and most especially, education. Many critics worldwide are arguing about the real effectuate of playing DOTA considering that many people especially teenagers are getting given up on this computer game. They said, this is a mi nd numbing entertainment for everyone and produces a socially isolated people and promotes violent behaviours. Some of these criticisms may or may not be true. In the Philippines, DOTA is being played not only by teenager but also by the kids that make this as a big concern for parents.At their young age they are more prone on getting given up on playing this game and might get out of focus to their studies and would confused their interests in playing physical and traditional games like tumbang preso, luksang baka, patintero, and many more. on that point are many students and even some young professionals that are addicted to DOTA. When time spent on the computer, playing DOTA games it reaches a point that it harms a childs or adults family and social relationships. incomplete can disrupt school nor work life.Chapter II Background of the lineThis action seek is intended to prevent the addiction of the minors in playing computer games specifically DOTA. We have included negat ive and plus effects of the game, its advantage and disadvantages and some professional advices. Online games like DOTA can be a good social platform of the minors if it was directed in a good way. The positive effects of playing DOTA are for the young to communicate teenagers who initially dont know each other can easily be friends, they will also learn to strategize and pass on their reflexes for DOTA is for smart ones.Gaming Addiction a Mental Disorder?The American Psychiatric Association (APA) adds Internet Gaming Addiction as one of the potential disorders that needs to be treated. And they are hoping for more clinical research to formally include it on the list. Should it be considered as such? here are some arguments and counter-arguments regarding gaming addiction.

Sdadsada

Survey pay heed _________________________________ Contact number ________________ Please take a moment to ramble NRC2 Garden recidivate. Check your chosen answer. Thank you for lending us your time. ExcellentGood AveragePoor promptness of service Quality of service Transportation to NRC2 Garden Resort Cleanliness of the amaze Condition of rooms Ho enjoymentkeeping services Facilities of the amend Accessibility of the remediate Chapter II Review of the Related Literature Website grocerying can wait on level the playing field between chain sanctuarys and independent mendings, match to Internet Marketing and Distribution for Resorts. Websites can include professional photography, practical(prenominal) tours, online videos, booking instruction and online forms for making reservations. They may similarly provide valuable feedback forms so resorts can identify strengths and tar touch oned areas of improvement. Strategic online partnerships with complementary industries , such as airlines, car rentals, or fare- get downing websites, can result in mutual referrals. Resort Internet Marketing is an essential factor in attracting customers to exotic resort locations. Since 2009, online marketing spending has climbed almost 15 percent each year.On the former(a) hand, traditional marketing and write media expenses confound been steadily declining at the selfsame(prenominal) time. Television is a great way to promote your resort with many opportunities to gain exposure. Of course there is picture advertising, but there is also having your resort as a featured location for a television show or feature film. A resort is also a great place to host an event such as a beauty pageant or televised poker tournament. These methods of exposure highlight a variety of resort amenities. Create value- get hold ofn packages for both group and transient market segments.The customers surveyed said that price, not rate, drove their decision. Many people (including m yself) enjoy locomotion in the off-season precisely because of the value. Keeping this in mind, lets facet at examplesUnique group packages. This strategy actually works year-around but it is e redundantly important in the off-season. Meeting planners work with a budget and an all-inclusive package means no surprises to spoil a successful event when they are handed the final bill. Focus on your website and social media channels. Your website and Facebook business page are a gold exploit for communicating with both past and potential guests.Ensure that they reflect your hotels personality. argue postings and customized rags can be used to post reasons to visit during the off-season and use hemorrhoid of pictures. Encourage guests who have stayed outside of peak season to post their experiences and get a dialogue started. Offer last-minute specials that are really special and limit the availability. Base it on something amusing and unexpected, for example the rate equals the temp erature of the daylight for the first 10 people who book with a special code or who call a special number.Consider using a customized tab to communicate special offers to groups as well. In a competitive industry, all(prenominal) Hotel and Resort needs an effective online marketing strategy to promote their property, drive traffic to their website and generate guest bookings. We believe that a professional, easy to use and attractive website should be the centerpiece of every Hotel and Resorts distribution strategy. With the arrival of net income Search, traditional marketing outlets such as TV advertising, Radio and Newspapers have become ess and less effective. You just need to look at the print industry in the US, every week there are reports of another(prenominal) traditional media company laying off staff, closing their doors. In a tech-savvy time in which most people expect to find the information they need within just a few clicks of their mouse, a sanitary internet pre sence for your property isnt just a necessity, its crucial for survival. The resort business is competitive, and most resorts must rely on a inviolable marketing program to attract customers.As you determine how to bring in overbold and returning customers, consider how you can find travelers who will be interested in the facilities and types of services you offer. When marketing your resort, create a brand that helps your customers dwell who you are and why you are different from other resorts in the area. A brand should communicate the style of the resort, the atmosphere travelers can expect to find and give them clues about how to dress and behave. Your brand should feel like your resort through the use of colors, fonts and image styles. It should communicate the essence of your resort without describing it.

Banquets and Confrenceing

1. 1 THE SIZE AND SCOPE OF multitude AND BANQUETING INDUSTRY IN THE UK Conference and feasting is norm all in ally organizing an event, consummate(a) with main courses and desserts. It usually serves a purpose, much(prenominal) as a humane gathering, a ceremony, or a celebration, small run intos, corporate gatherings, seminars, family occasions or weddings As of now, conferences be considered as one of the most essential and meaning(a) aspects in orbiculateization as it bridge the gaps of various industries from one solid ground to another and it is helping m any(prenominal) economies of various estates to be recognized all over the world.Accordingly, one of the most essential international conferences such as world expos is the World Expo conferences which are regarded as a commodious scale, non-commercial international expo. Since it is an essential and significant international conference such as world expo, the hosting for this essential be applied for by a nation an d approved by the international committee. The main goal of this event is to bear on transfer and exchange of ideas as hygienic as schooling of the global economy, science and technology, customs and culture and to allow exhibitors to promote as well as show off their achievements and enhance international relationship.A banquet (/? b?? k. w? t/ French b??. k? ) is a large meal or feast, complete with main courses and desserts. It usually serves a purpose such as a charitable gathering, a ceremony, or a celebration, and is practically preceded or followed by speeches in honour of someone The idea of banqueting in the UK is ancient. In the 16th century, a banquet was very di watering placerate from our modern perception and stems from the medieval ceremony of the void. After dinner, the guests would stand and jollify sweet wine and spices while the table was unmortgaged, or voided (Later in the seventeenth century void would be replaced with the French dessert).During the 16 th century, guests would no longer stand in the gr fertilize chamber whilst the table was cleared and the room prepared for entertainment, but would retire to the parlour or banqueting room. 1. 2 FACTORS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONFERENCE AND BANQUETING INDUSTRY IN THE UK As the idea of conferencing and banqueting developed, it could retain place at any time during the day and have much more in jointality with the later practice of taking tea. Banqueting rooms varied greatly from house to house, but were generally on an intimate scale both in a garden oom or inside such as the small banqueting turrets in Longleat House. Modern banqueting has its roots in the traditions of the Greeks and Romans. The Greeks introduced the hors doeuvre course, to which the Romans added up to20 courses as they furthered the development of the banquet feast. From this set forth format evolved the three-course medieval bill, which presented as many as 25 carte items with each course . The menu format revisions of the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries transformed the three pristine courses with multiple dishes into a series of nine courses, each featuring an individual menu item.These revisions were incorporate-rated into menus throughout Europe and America in a variety of formats. The floor of American banqueting begins with the feasts of the Native Americans. The menu formats of early colonial American banquets were primarily influenced by England. French cuisine and menu formats initially wind their way to the colonies via English recipes and customs. The emigration of French royalists during the French Revolution accelerate the assimilation of both French cuisine and menus with American banqueting customs.Thomas Jefferson greatly aided the development of American banqueting during his old age in the uninfected House. His simplification of the menu and emphasis on wines were major elements in the development of a style of banqueting that prevailed over the next 165 years of White House functions. During the presidency of John Kennedy, banquets were enhanced by the contributions of Jacqueline Kennedy. analogous Jefferson, Mrs Kennedy preferred menus of simple elegance that concentrated on a high-pitched quality of food and service.The records tracing the development of the banquet menu throughout the centuries provide a rich and exciting chronicle of food items, recipes, and traditions. galore(postnominal) of these food items and recipes endure in our contemporary food customs. Today in the UK, banquets serve many purposes from training sessions, to formal business dinners. Business banquets are a popular way to strengthen bonds between businessmen and their partners. It is common that a banquet is organized at the end of an academic conference.A luau is one variety of banquets originally used in Hawaii. The Nei Mongol provincial governing in China levies a tax on banquets. 1. 3 cardinal FACTORS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONFRENCE AND BANQUETING IN THE UK The banqueting and conference assiduity is also subject to many influences and factors The banqueting and conference businesses must take these influences and factors into account when planning their operations and delivering their services. The influences and factors on the industry can be categorised as Economy / commerce Technology Legislation allows consider examples of each of these factors. ?Economic / Commerce- factors can influence accept for cordial reception services. During a recession or periods of low economic growth, hatful dont have as much disposable income as in times of an economic boom. People become more enkindle in value for money. Pubs and restaurants want to offer money-off vouchers and discounts to encourage people to eat out more. ?Technology- plays a role in how people access hospitality services.Customers can now book restaurant tables, hotel rooms or spa days 24/7 from their computers or phones. Mos t hospitality businesses need an online presence. ?Legislation- All industries must be concerned for the health and safety of their employees and customers, and must meet their legal obligations. Hospitality is no exception. Businesses are bound by the law. There is often a cost to the business in meeting its legal requirements, but this can save thousands of pounds in damages that powerfulness result from a negligence claim.

Human Resource Management on Sheraton Hotel Surabaya

homo election Function Sheraton Hotel and Tower Surabaya Alex Chandra 3104009 Raymond Kurniawan Tjiadi 3104010 Kevin Krisnadi 3104802 Julian Giovanni 3104812 Anastasia Santoso 3114701 IBN Fundamental of humankind Resource Management Universitas Surabaya 1. Over run across The origins of the brand date backwards to1937whenErnest HendersonandRobert Mooreacquired the Stone withstandn Hotel inSpringfield, Massachusetts. The chain of mountains got its name from a nonher early hotel that the pair had acquired, which had a lighted sign on the roof saying Sheraton Hotel which was large and overweight and at that placefore too expensive to change.Instead, they decided to call all their hotels by that name. Henderson and Moore had opened three hotels inBostonby 1939, continuing with their rapid expansion opening properties along the entire East Coast. In the 1940s, Sheraton grease ones palmsd the famousHotel KimballofSpringfield, Massachusetts, and transform the 4-star hotel into The Sheraton-Kimball Hotel, attracting guests like PrefacentJohn F. Kennedy. In 1945, it was the first hotel chain to be listed on theNew York Stock Exchange. In 1949 Sheraton expanded internationally with the purchase of two Canadian hotel chains.The 1960s dictum the first Sheraton hotels outside pairing America with the opening of the Tel Aviv-Sheraton in February 1961 and the Macuto-Sheraton outside Caracas, Venezuela, in 1963. By 1965, the hundredth Sheraton had opened its doors. The multinational conglomerateITTpurchased the chain in 1968, after which it was cognize as ITT Sheraton. In 1985 Sheraton became the first Western accompany to operate a hotel in the Peoples Republic of China, assuming management of the state-built Great Wall Hotel in Beijing, which became the Great Wall Sheraton.In 1994, ITT Sheraton purchased a controlling interest in the Italian CIGA chain, the Compagnia Italiana Grandi Alberghi, or Italian Grand Hotels familiarity, which had been seized from its p revious owner, theAga Khan, by its creditors. The chain had begun by operating hotels in Italy, but overexpanded across Europe and as a recession hit. These hotels formed the core of what came to be the ITT Sheraton lavishness group, later Starwoods Luxury Collection. In April 1995, Sheraton introduced a untried, mid-scale hotel brand Four Points by Sheraton Hotels, to replace the designation of certain hotels as Sheraton Inns.In 1998, Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. acquired ITT Sheraton, outbidding Hilton. nether Starwoods leadership, Sheraton has begun renovating many existing hotels and expanding the brands footprint including their management contracting partnership with Pakuwon Jati Tbk to h mature Surabaya Sheraton Hotel and Tower. 2. Field Report Q How important are the function of HRM and the contribution towards the murder of company as a whole? In the enlisting process, what mode is used by Sheraton Hotel in choosing and selecting the new employee?What competency / requirement is the major foreboding? AAs important as the others. Human alternative in nowadays has a role as a melodic phrase partner rather than still recruiting agency that only need acuteness for recruitment. Skill can be taught. But behavior is more important. sacramental manduction about their past (know people from the past. non a formal hearing but knead the condition as comfort as possible). Q most the schooling and development program, how Sheraton Hotel implement in goal and developing the competence from the new and existing employee? What objective that Sheraton Hotel want to achieve?A Not only work but withal study. Training for 48 hours, the orientation course is about brand and etc. Have its own culture. military service culture needed and built for years and become loyal. We can arrest from their resulting for change and develop. We gull 4 patient ofs of training, in our own hotel, in the department training (refreshing the previou s training), training analysis (according to appraisal), and the last is training abroad or seminar. Every month they send report and attendance. Q Human Resource Department of course inseparable from the process of expectant motif both moral and materially.In the motivation of materially or incentive, what is your view about the role of incentive towards the performance of the company? What kind of criteria that awarded that kind of incentive? We have many kinds of motivation, like promotion, confederate of the month, associate gathering, sustenance share (can be redeem), president award (star of the month will be registered to the regional), and incentives for gross revenue. We in like manner have two kinds of incentives, cash incentives (quarterly) and trip incentives (yearly). Q How Sheraton Hotel respond to the assault from rules that happen by the employees?What kind of approach that the Sheraton used? Department and supervisor manage them. Light warning (discussed) and will be given to the employee a written warning. In relation to the sentry duty function and health cautiousness of company to the employee, what implementation that Sheraton use? How Sheraton see that benefits? Is it only as a cost or expense that arise from obligations solely or as an investment in improving company performance? We have guard and security certification (checked from the third party). We besides have training for new comers.Once in 3 months, there will be a evacuation practice without any announcement. We too have an emergency resolution team to ensure safety. We give 4 kinds of insurance that are jamsostek, old age insurance, inpatient, and life insurance. Q Towards the rules for giving day off recompense that Sheraton give, is there any specific regulations? We give our employee 5 working days in a week. 9 hours per day (8 hours working, 1 hour for rest). We as well have some rules for day off. For those who have work for 5 years or above, that will be 12 days off + 8 days.For those who have work for 10 years or above, that will be 12 days off + 20 days. For those who work more than 15 years, that will be 30 days off + 12 days. We treat associate like we treat our consumers. 3. Perception The Human Resources Department is responsible for employee compensation and benefits, policy development, recruitment, affirmative action, employee relations, training and development, administration of the Sheratons automated benevolent imagings/payroll system and maintenance of employee records. Sheraton Human Resources strive to Maintain harmony across the organization with regard to human resource issues Ensure that the manpower reflects the diversity of the community it serves Ensure that all employees are treated with touch respect and dignity Ensure that all employees understand the Sheratons pay-for performance deservingness system Provide departmental support to ensure that Human Resource is an integral partner of every departmen ts operations. A sack up priority for the department is to implement a corporate wide training and development program to enhance leadership skills among Sheratons employees and managers.Human Resources is also dedicated to meeting the highest level of customer service by providing quick and accurate service in employee relations, recruitment, compensation and benefits. And lastly, the department is committed to make the service culture better and better among Sheraton Hotel employees to make them loyal. From the interview side we can see an interesting way that they interview them from their past. And we think their recruitment system as something unique. Its very rare to see an interview like their system.They also respect their employee, by giving a equitable treatment from insurance, day off and incentives. They also consider the career of their employee by giving some promotion or president award that will make them registered to the regional. 4. Summary After conducting t he interview to assess the human resource function in the Sheraton Hotel and Tower, we can conclude that Sheraton had been running the whole Human Resource Function that a company should have. The Sheratons HRM Function consists as follow Staffing According to the Sheratons management, we could conclude an excellent performance that they had been conduct.Eventhough they say that their function is more than only recruiting, in reality they had been doing an effective to date proper staffings system in light of the type of the assiduity that theyre dealing. The high customer contact that they must face routine had made them must modify their recruiting system into a system that show their behavior and attitude which is an important element in the service industry. Furthermore, they also make a strong highlight in the companys culture that they always put into every associates mind. either of those strategies is conducted by Sheraton Hotel and Tower because in the service industry , technical advantages can be copied instantly by the competitors whereas an advantage in companys culture can only built by years of cleansement. Training and instruction Sheraton Hotel and Towers treat their employee more than just an hourly labor or a machine to generate revenue. Moreover, they call the employee as associate that refer to their dominion to treat employee as a business partner that can climb up together as one entity. For this reason, they also said that they want to strike a FB waiter that can be a FB Director.It means that they had a very big concern in the development of their associate. Their commitment of 48 hours of training and development also show their leading advantages in the training and Development aspect because they saw Training and Development as an investment to achieve Higher Companys performance through the improvement of their associate as the apparent motion line of their services. Empowerment In giving a motivation to their employee, S heraton Hotel and Towers focuses not only in a narrow aspect but but they focus on every aspect that employee had achieved.For example, if other company only consider their employee achievement in the business aspect, such(prenominal) as sales performance, profit earned, market share, etc. , Sheraton also appreciate the achievement in other aspect such as internal blood, social relationship between employee, etc. Furthermore, in line of their HRDs goal to improve the performance of their associate, they make the incentive more frequent through giving cash incentive quarterly and also yearly trip incentive. The incentives also using the immaterial empowerement using associate recognition system such as romotion, associate of the month appreciation that made the employee focus on the performance and not the material. Safety and Healthcare Unlike manufacture company that rely on the machine that had 100% Performance Rating, high customer contact firm such as Sheraton rely mostly on t heir associate. Therefore, any absenteeism that caused on many factors to their employee will cause a consummate(a) loss to their company. Thus, they set a high standard on the safety and healthcare regulation, such as double the insurance from the Jamsostek standard and also give a full health benefit.

Extent of Government Change Under Essay

It was during this time that the federal Government first began promoting things like worker safety on the job. For example, the rail line Safety Appliance Act was passed during this time. It required railroads to install safety devices such as steps and handrails on their engines and cars to reduce the number of industrial accidents. chairperson Theodore Roosevelt vastly increased the traditional perception of the division of the federal government. His policies, such as Big Stick Ideology abroad and the Square cover up at home, expanded the influence of the government on manifold levels. twain cases, however, that of trust-busting and that of conservation, specifically accentuate this expansion. In the year 1901, President William McKinley had just been assassinated, and the States needed a leader to which she could turn to. Theodore Roosevelt became the new president, and unbeknownst to the people, would show the presidency forever.Roosevelt made considerable efforts at t he conservation of the planet for coming(prenominal) generations by use of the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 and by establishing the Bureau of Reclamations and stone-broke up the destructive and all too powerful trusts that were ruling incarnate America by instating the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Expedition Act of 1903, during what would later on become known as the Progressive Era. During Theodore Roosevelts term in office, multifariousnesss in the government began to be made. Roosevelts mindset was to lurch the role of the government for the betterment of the economy during the Progressive Era. Through trying to fatigue up trusts in the government, such as the Sherman Anti-Trust Acts, he believed he could change the U.S. government for the better. Conflicts from labor (the Square Deal) and conservation during the Progressive Era helped Roosevelt change multiple roles of the federal government.

Family as a social institution Essay

Social institution is a set trunk with values, occasions, norms and statutes create in a manner that satisfies societal needs. One major(ip) example of a tender institution is the family which is defined as a group of populate related by blood, spousals or sufferance who make loves together and shargon economic resources. Ameri end families are mostly organized in public figure of nuclear family which consists of father, m early(a) and children. Extended family is another cook of family arrangement recognized by Americans and consists of uncles, aunts and grand parents.The family construction has changed in non-homogeneous aspects that are related to certain accessible factors. Andrew J. Cherlin in his book argues that marriage in America has taken new direction different from other developed and developing nations. Marriage which is a bond that leads to existence of a family is faced with a lot of conflicts such(prenominal) as same land up marriage. One major genial a spect that has led to changes in family expression is adoption of different cultural ideals. Family is considered as a means of stiff commitment by which individuals share life with one another precisely this is taking another shape because of different ideologies.Through marriage, an aspect of individualisation is emphasized by personal choice which is a form of ego development that tries to make a family live as one unit. nuclear type of family is mostly recognized in U. S but harvest-festival of race and adoption of different cultural practices has led to changes in family structure. The social aspect of population growth and its impact on family structure can be attributed with migration of family members from overseas countries. Individuals move from other countries to U. S in assay of better jobs or to further their education.Once they are in America, such individuals are hosted by family members such as uncles or aunts making the structure of family to change. A fami ly that consisted of married man, wife and children massively expands making its structure to change. Thus population growth and migration of individuals is attributed with changes in family organization or structure. Adoption of cultural practices through intermarriage is another social factor that has led to changes in family structure. In the recent past, individuals from different cultures marry.This allows people to adopt certain cultural practices whereby the graphic symbol of husband, wife and children changes. E really individual in a family organization has his or her fiber to play as is defined by the Holy platter but nowadays changes project been adopted in defining the role of each family member. Civilization is a social factor that has led to changes in the structure of family. Most families in developing nations have adopted the live of western countries making the structure of family to change. The role of the family as a social institutionFamily plays of the ess ence(p) role in respect to certain responsibilities on children and the entire society as a whole. A family is a social institution that observed certain values, norms or statutes with an objective of existing as one unit. One major role of family in relation to its run on children is to provide the basic needs. Children in a family constitute people below the age of 18 years. Such individuals are not in a position to find money on their own and gum olibanum depend on parents to provide for them basic needs. Basic needs in this aspect consist of food, shelter and clothing which should be provided by husband and wife.Another basic role of family to children is enforcement of norms such as discipline, ethical considerations, lesson values and strong base on religion. Parents in a family are supposed to provide strong discipline to their children so as to have a bright future. Discipline is one of the core things a family cannot turn down its children because it is the beginning of wisdom and adoption of good moral values. Parents should teach their children near religion when they are young so as to have a strong base in Christianity, Islamic teachings, Hinduism and any other form of religion recognized by the constitution.Parents in a family are very instrumental in the aspect of teaching children how to behave and be amenable adults. Family as a social institution plays a very important role concerning the entire society. A society is a collection of many an(prenominal) families with common goal and objective of sharing economic resources. Family members play a very important role through provision of needed operate to serve the society. The parents work in various sectors of the economy thus they go into through collective responsibility.Certain services that are provided by the parents overwhelm teaching, nursing, accounting, engineering and legal services. All these services are needed by other members in the society and thus it avails services re quired by the entire comm whizz. The family engages in various social activities in the society whereby the children enter in schools, churches games, competition and entire society. It is a very important role that sees children grow as one unit which is a symbol of unity and peace. Work Cited Kirkpatrick Clifford, 1955, The Family as Process and Institution.

Clientelism, Tribalism, and Ethnic Conflict in Africa

In this essay I go a counsel foremost examine and break down the components of the question. I pull up stakes collapse and clarify the meaning of Clientelism, Tribalism and heathen remainder and deal with each of these as split up enterties. Although I will reason each of them on a separate basis. I aim also to show the complex interlinked transactionhips among the three themes, and argue that because of this the central argument of the question is non comfortably con chance variable tod or resistd with.My main argument however, will be to disagree with the central question and advocate that Clientelism was a fraction of Africas tradition want to begin with any nonion of freshity and colonial influence was show up in the continent. I will provide empirical evidence, which have gots the inherent figurehead of Clientelism, and also show how it has strong links with Tribalism, in both its record and modern perpetuation.Tribalism however is a contrastive matte r and I agree with the central assignment and advocate that modern African tribalism and notions of heathenishity were mainly a direct result of colonial imposed modernity restructuring. For the final part of my answer I will provide an argument that African ethnic departure lies somewhere in the midst of the two extremes, that it was state in African bon ton forrader colonial modernity and it was further exacerbated by the restructuring that colonialism brought ab come forth.In my conclusion I will further justify my arguments and advocate a thesis for future victimisation in Africa on tribalism, ethnic participation and clientelism. Whether clientelism, tribalism and ethnic departure were a ware not of tradition provided of modernity in Africa and a type of development is a ambitious and complex question in umteen respects, except one to which I fool a strong argument. To study this it would be practical to firstly define what I sh completely mean by modernity an d the type of development in relation to the main statement, as it will form the crux of the matter of my argument.By modernity and type of development in Africa I will be foc employ on colonialism and justifying whether clientelism, tribalism and ethnic meshing were drink in the lead the comer of colonialization or whether they eruptd from the impertinent(a) company that restructuring colonial development brought with it. I intend finished looking at African night club in its modern context and studying empirical data that it is evident to visualise whether the three main themes of this essay where present before or a after carrefour. What is not so clear however is the complex linkages between and the contexts they op termte in.I advocate for instance that it is impossible to separate out clientelism from tribalism, and that ethnic conflict is closely think to both of these. Due to this in separate to justify and construct my argument I must separate out clientelism , tribalism and ethnic conflict and study them individually. Clientelism To determine from what circumstances Clientelism in African emanated it is important to define the term itself and what it means in African society. Clientelism is also known as booster-client relations/politics, and in its modern form is highly evident in African society.This clientelism is an ex switch between actors who have incommensurate balance of world-beater, one being weaker, and the other being stronger. It is the patron who is the to a greater extent roleful and the client who is normally the weaker of the two. The exchange between client and patron is form when the more exponentful patron offers something, be it odd resources or protection to the weaker client. This weaker client offers something back in return, perhaps support or other services to the patron who is in a more dominant position. bound up with important ties of reprocity linking those who argon related deep down networks of ve rtical relationships.Clientelism can be notioned on both micro and large levels as a phenomenon of African society (although it is evident elsewhere),and to assess from where this Clientelism originated from it is essential to see where it is present in modern society. In modern mean solar day Africa these patron -client relationships are most visible in the political arena. I argue that clientelism although it is pervasive in African politics did not emerge as a direct result of colonisation, which most mickle would view as the birthplace of modern African politics and political institutions as a result of the restructuring of African society.Instead I advocate that Clientelism, although present in modern day politics was in place strong before the colonial date of reference and was present in tradition and the succession before any notion of modernity was in Africa. I mean clientelism was evident in the traditional African way of life. Pre-Colonial African society was in t erms stateless. There was no formal state. African society was establish around a system of patron-client relationships, which were the fundamental core of society.Where in that respect was no state in that respect was no other system, in a vast continent holding various competing tribes and peoples in order for there to be a society arbitrating, protecting and plenty were all centred around these unequal deals between various networks. The power relations of pre-colonial Africa were typically of patrons and clients. Big Men presided oer intricate networks of clientage involving reciprocal alone unequal relations with small boys, as well as power oer women and children and those held in the diverse forms and degrees of servitude of pawnship and slavery.2 Patron-client networks as evident today I argue are based around extended family (and later as I will discuss) tribal loyalties evident from traditional African life. African communities were pervaded by relations of supremacy and dependence, based on patriarchal power exercised across differences of genders and generations, lineages and clans, languages and cultures. 3 The arrival of Colonialism and modernity had utilised these already existing patron-client relationships and used them for their own ends.The colonial administrators sought chief headmen and perpetuated clientelism by supplementing their meagre salaries and earnings they gained from their official positions with monies gained from trade and other bonuses. (Berman) Chiefs and headmen were the essential linkage between the colonial state and African societies. This relationship typically took on a patron-client form, and had several important and strange consequences. 4 So I argue quite a than colonialism creating these patron client linkages it only if utilised them.I retrieve that clientelism at it is today cauline from the traditional African societies. So to reiterate African society pre-colonial era although traditional was not so natural and traditionally uncorrupted to be devoid of the practice of clientelism that we so readily see as rotting today. That is was present and a working framework for society. The other runs the risk, in reaction, of idealising the virtues of a pre-colonial era supposedly devoid of depravation, the growth of which is supposed to have been caused by the sexual perversion of the social order induced by the arrival of the colonialist Europeans. 5I argue that modernity and the arrangement of formal political institutions and frameworks of power merely perpetuated Clientelism and provided brisk avenues for the patron-client relationships based on new networks of power. What had eternally gone on before merely was allowed to operate in a new arena. African politics became politics of the belly, where individuals used public means for private gain. The scarcity of resources in Africa being as it is, if one person holds an office where he/she controls resources or power politics becomes a way of utilising patron-client networks to distribute these resources and gain support and power. made patron/client relations not only the fundamental mode of ingress to the state and its resources, but also, as in pre-colonial society, the fundamental relationship between ordinary people and those with wealth or power. As before in pre-colonial society clientelism formed the basis of a persons power by means of the number of people he had domination and arrangements over, now in politics a persons political power is based on how many people pledge support through reciprocal client-patron networks in return for favours.Clientelism hasnt been formed it has merely morphed into a new generation of deals. Where land was plentiful and populations small, wealth and power were measured in control of people, in having a large following of family and non-kin dependants. 7 In politics this clientelism has become diverse, not created by modernity but fitted for its use in formal political positions. Peter Ekeh (1975) described this as being the formation in African society of two publics, where Clientelism has been and always is the norm.That the same political actors act in both systems of a civic public and the Primordial public. The citizen in the Civic public works in the beaurocratic institutions of the state, in a supposedly amoral system. The citizen takes from his position and gives nothing in return. This is through clientelism and a network of contacts where state resources and power can be distributed in this way. However the same person in his Primordial public, largely associated with ethnic tribalism and belonging to an extended family/ community, gives out and gets nothing in return.Due to the chemical attraction of this the actor is expected to do wide-cut for his own community, by using his political position. The identify idea in Ekehs case then is that the good man channels part of the largesse of the civic public to the primal publi c. This shows the complex links between the old clientelism networks and what I will argue as the more modern artificial tribal relationships in African society. Tribalism Tribalism in its present form in Africa however is not a traditional aspect of African culture I argue as Clientelism had been, but a product of the development imposed on the kingdom by Colonialism.Colonialism and the social and economic changes it brought with it created the sense of tribalism and strong ethnic identities that are present in modern Africa. That tribes were not traditionally based but created in a means to gain power, resources and recognition in the cognitive operation of colonial modernising. The accumulating weight of evidence shows that African ethnicity and its relationship to politics is new not old a response to capitalist modernity molded by similar forces to those related to the development of ethnic nationalism in Europe since the late nineteenth century. This is not to say there wer e not tribes in the pre-colonial era, but I weigh what tribes existed there were, not so ethnically divided. That the tribes were various groups of mixed race and language peoples who were in a constant state of flux, without the fixed ethnic boundaries one finds today. Pre-colonial political and socio- pagan boundaries were mark by fuzziness and flexibility and Africans existed within a reality of multiple, co-occur and alternative collective identities. 9 What created these tribal identities therefore if they were not present in traditional African society was the arrival of colonialism.Europeans were of the assumption that African tribes were the basis of society. That the tribes had neat compact boundaries and consisted of culturally identical peoples. This assumption I argue was the basis for tribal asylum, as the missionaries especially and other state institutions sought to formalise and categorise these tribal units. The recording of culture and the principle to a whole area of a supposedly local language, which in many cases was merely a local dialect, began to bring differing peoples unneurotic.This wiped out some cultural differences and creating infatuated collectives of tribal peoples often not historically related, but brought together by colonial boundaries. The ideology and culture of colonialism, especially in the imagining of African societies by colonial officials and European missionaries, provided the dominant cognitive context model the invention of tribes and their customs by Africans themselves. 10 If the colonial rulers and administration could state links with these tribes then, through working with the traditional ruling groups in Africa they gained legitimacy in their operations and ruling of the area.By working with these fixed tribes, the colonial rulers could adjourn and control the local populace by breaking it down into smaller loyal groups. In reality the creation of tribes made it easier for the colonial beaurocrac y to rule. severally administrative unit ideally contained a single culturally and lingually homogenous tribe in which people continued to live within the natural institutions and were subject to tribal discipline through local structures of authority. 11Although this was a key issue in the creation of Africa tribalism however, I believe that the stronger reason for the formation of tribes was for political gain and recognition. Due to this European notion of African tribalism, in order to hold power with the colonial administration actors must be part of a clearly fixed ethnic group. This created political tribalism, which was the creation of ethnicities by elite groups in African society to gain access to resources and to seek the foundations for a conservative modernisation.In short it was the manipulation of tribal ethnic identities by Africans themselves for political and economic gains in the face of colonial changes. Ethnic collective action, according to Mozaffar, is pred ominantly a process of strategical political interaction between self-interested actors with divergent interests. 12 Ethnic Conflict Ethnic Conflict has both strong links with tribalism and clientelism in Africa. I believe its origin is not so easy to pinpoint as it has been for tribalism and patron-client relations but that ethnic conflict is merely a product of the two.It was evident in pre-colonial society and was heightened and exacerbated by the modern formation of tribes in the colonial era as I have previously described. Ethnic Conflict was present in traditional African society. African society had never been egalitarian in nature, and a society in which there are unequal power relations is ultimately to have conflict in its midst. Pre-colonial societies were thus full of conflict and competition, instability and change. What I believe was created by the form of colonial development placed on Africa was the add in ethnic tensions as new tribes and identities were created .Resources in Africa are whitewash scarce and the modern beaurocratic frame work and political distribution of power has led to ethnic conflict becoming more fierce and modern in its use of warfare and state apparatus. The tribal divisions between the Hutus and Tutsis and the result Rwandan war and genocide are examples of this. As the colonial era created false country borders this conflict now often seeps out between neighbouring countries, comprising of different tribal identities over land and resources.I believe the colonial era did not create tribal conflict but merely change the scale that it is played out upon and provided it with state apparatus, militia, armies that now take conflict into a modern era, on a wider and more devastating scale. last It is clear to see then that tribalism, ethnic conflict and clientelism, although intricately related all have different origins. I advocate however that they were all evident in some way or form before any type of modernity was present in Africa.Although I believe Clientelism and ethnic conflict were not created by the development in the colonial era they were not solved or prevented by colonial restructuring. They soundless persist today. Ethic conflict I argue was present before the arrival of the Europeans in Africa on a localised scale as fighting between the complex and varied tribes on the continent. With the arrival of colonialism I believe it was merely aggravated by the adaptation of formal tribes and the throw together in politics for scarce resources, power and recognition.I argue that it has merely adapted and become a more serious problem as the apparatus of state have been used to fight wars etc. The conflict now envelops far larger groups of people and even countries constructed by the colonial boundaries of ethnicity and country. Clientelism is pervasive throughout African politics. It is our normative viewing of clientelism today, as corruption in Africa that I believe has led to some be lieving it was is not in existence in pre-colonial society but a product of the introduction of formal politics and modernity in Africa. of idealising the virtues of a pre-colonial era supposedly devoid of corruption, the growth of which is supposed to have been caused by the perversion of the social order induced by the arrival of colonialist Europeans. What I believe we must consider however that we are applying the principles of the old African order rather to a new context of modern development and democratic politics, etc where impartiality is presupposed. This is what makes us view clientelism as a modern phenomenon rather than its rightful place as a traditional form of relations in African society.This is the opposite with tribalism, where many suppose it as a traditional part of African society. It was this European view of tribalism that thought of it as such, however closer examination reveals it to be a politically self-propelled and deliberately constructed phenomenon . It was not a traditional aspect of society that was carried over into colonial modernity but a means by which if African created a concrete identity they could gain power and resources in a system which colonialism brought about.

Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Lls, Module Epf 135

Marie Appleby faculty EPF cxxxv Roles and Responsibilities of a T for each oneer in the Lifelong acquire sSector The Lifelong Learning UK (2007) standards, elevatedlight the complexity of the type of the FE instructor as follows teachers have a responsibility for ensuring high standards of instruct and schooling, as well as contributing to curriculum ripening and to the development of their subject knowledge http//dera. ioe. ac. uk 21/10/11 Identifying Needs A advert role of the teacher is to identify the necessarily of all learners so effective nurture piece of ass be developed.The teacher whitethorn conduct tutorials at the beginning the feed, to go off and record personal information, barriers to learning, academic and vocational achievements. The information empennage be employ to develop a learner professional? le, ensuring lesson protrudening and learning materials atomic number 18 give up and increase the chance of successful pedagogics and learning. Lear ners may feel uncomfortable disclosing or discussing personal information, therefore it may be advantageous to issue an anonymous questionnaire to the class. each information must be handled in a professional manner and kept con? ential. Planning and Design Teachers could plan and design a learning schedule. Changes can be made to these plans throughout the teach cycle apply appraisal and evaluation. Teachers fate to ensure that learning outcomes, objectives and aims for the course are covered in an appropriate port e. g. order in which outcomes are aforethought(ip), preservation strategies, length of time, resources and assessment methods. Courses may be planned with an aim to ensure learning outcomes are met in the time allocated, victimisation appropriate resources and methods.Teachers motivation to be awake(predicate) of the requirements issued by their awarding body and organisation. deliverance Delivery of a course should be appropriate for all learners using tak e place aims and objectives. Activities should be contrastingiated to accommodate different learning styles. Resources should be well prepared, with suf? cient copies that assist the learning activities. Sessions should be divided using an introduction, main and a conclusion to answer the lesson progress logically and consolidate learning.Teachers need to ensure they have the 1 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 knowledge and skills to deliver the course and be able to answer questions. Teachers should be smartly dressed and use a professional manner when teaching never using discriminatory, judgmental or offensive body process language. Teacher / student relationships should be establish on mutual trust and admire with a responsibility to uphold safeguarding procedures, tutelage learners safe, both physically and emotionally, within a safe learning environment. the process of safeguarding protects individuals who may be at risk from pace or neglect, which could cause an impact on their education, health and development. safeguarding aims to ensure individuals are provided with a caring environment that is safe, promotes optimum manner and learning chances. (safeguardingchildren. org. uk (20/10/2011) Assess Methods of assessment should be planned, fair, reliable and cerebrateed to activity tasks. Learner achievement and progress can be monitored throughout the learning process.Clear, pithy and accurate feedback can be effrontery to learners on their progress and achievement. Feedback should be presumption as quickly as possible, establish on the quality of submission or performance, using positive and developmental comments. data should be recorded in readying for submission to the course awarding body. Teachers should rid of assessment tasks that do not link directly to the learning objectives, and ensure planned assessments are at the correct train for learners.Evaluate Evaluations should be conducted after each session, including strengths of the session, and areas for development and improvements. Learners could also be asked to re? ect on the sessions this could be through with(p) verbally, through an evaluation form or by an evaluation activity. Conclusion The teaching/training cycle provides a adhesive structure within which roles, responsibilities and boundaries can be assessed and re? ected upon. The structure of the cycle is much(prenominal) that a successful teacher pull up stakes multitask stages in a constantly evolving way. This ensures that teacher and students re? ctive growth of role, responsibilities and boundaries remains spirit to reaching a greater instinct of the aims and objectives relating to development with the course. 2 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 Bibliographic References lluk 2007. (2007). National Occupational Standards (NOS) for the role of learning support practitioner in the lifelong learning sector . functional http//dera. ioe. ac. uk/2332/1/ lspnosdraft. pdf. Last accessed 21st Oct 2011 . Ofstead. What is safeguarding. on hand(predicate) http//safeguardingchildren. org. uk/. Last accessed 20th october 2011. Word turn over 650 3 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 4

Example Exam Paper

confidential LG/OCT2008/BEL311 UNIVERSITI TEK no.OGI mara FINAL EXAMINATION pipeline COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME incline FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES BEL311 OCTOBER 2008 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. 2. This irresolution paper consists of dickens (2) parts sidetrack A (13 Questions) PART B (1 Question) behave ALL questions from completely parts in the Question Paper. 3. Fill in the enlarge below UiTM STUDENT CARD NO. PROGRAMME/ CODE PART face LANGUAGE GROUP NAME OF lector 4. 5. You be solelyowed to lick in your English-English dictionary.Please curb to make sure that this examination pack consists of i) the Question Paper DO not TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 13 printed pages Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi mara CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 PART A READING scholarship (20 MARKS) Read the pursual articles and answer every(prenominal) the questions that follow. Article 1 Sp atomic number 18 the cele stial pole? I Schools in Europe and the coupled Kingdom stopped using the beat to correction delinquent youngsters interest protests from parents and politicians to a greater extent than than 16 years ago.In Malaysia, however, the practice has neer left the indoctrinate grounds. work over has incessantly been legal in Malaysian schoolings. The pedagogics Ordinance 1957 (Amended 1959) allows corporal revengements, much(prenominal) as work over, to be meted out by school authorities, but entirely to schoolboys. An genteelness Ministry guiding issued in 1994 listed eight offences that could warrant work over truancy, involvement in criminal activities, begrimed and impolite doings, loitering, dishonesty, dirty appearance and vandalism. 5 IIA probe on human repairs cognisance among secondary school teachers, students and administrators conducted by researchers from local universities engaged by the Human Rights focal point of Malaysia (or SUHAKAM, its Malay acronym ) revealed the regular consumption of the beat in schools. What the inquiry found was a gross breach of a babys correctlys attached by teachers and administrators alike. In their findings, out of the 5,754 students who participated in the survey, about 52 per penny of the students surveyed concord that sack uping commonly happened in their schools.It took vex more often in sylvan schools than urban ones and al closely 80 per cent of the cases occurred at technical schools. 10 15 III netherstandably, SUHAKAM is disheartened by the findings of its study. Commissioner and tuition working root word chairman, Professor Chiam Heng Keng express that while SUHAKAM understands the destiny to refine and punish wrongdoers, it primary(prenominal)tains that stick outing is not the best restorative measure. She further added that cane only tells the child to stop whatever he has done. In opposite nomenclature, it does not address the inherent problem. She stressed that teachers must work with parents to compensate to the line of the problem.She added that harsh penaltys tend to honour a childs cast out attitudes. However, 20 25 Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi mara CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 3 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 she cautioned that we should not confuse upholding the rights of the child with humoring the child. IV Although many experts argue that caning is outdated, even primitive, many educators defended it as a fashion to stem rising ferocity in schools. Eighty per cent of teachers concord that persistent bickermakers in school should be work overd. The SUHAKAM probe found that 79. 5 per cent of teachers and 71. per cent of administrators agreed that persistent offenders should be caned though Malaysia had signed the Declaration of the radiation pattern on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1995. In addition, they also revealed that girls were not spared the rod. Almost vii per cent of female respondents from girl schools had in skeletal govern ing body this. Under the present Child crop 2001, only boys between the ages of 10 and 18 may be subjected to corporal punishment. 30 35 V Last October, the Ministry of learning allowed teachers new(prenominal) than 40 headmasters, principals and those involved in disciplining students to use the cane.The decision followed the rise in cases of assault on teachers and gangsterism in schools. It was recommended that only certain teachers be empowered to cane students. Ideally, they should have at least(prenominal) 10 years of teaching experience and be married with children. 45 VI The secretary-general of the subject field confederacy of the Teaching Profession, Lok Yim Pheng, admitted that there are other centerings of disciplining a student. These embroil imposing fines, sending students to detention line and making parents sign a compact to ensure that their children do not misconduct.However, if vex comes to shove, because principals and headmasters should use the ro d professionally and with leniency. She reiterated that even so, caning should be the penalisation of last resort, reserved for absolute hardcore cases and should never be done publicly. 50 The Star, July 15, 2007 Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 4 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 skepticism 1 State whether the following presentments are TRUE (T) or unreasonable (F). a) cane troublemakers in school is considered a clear of maltreatment by most teachers. In the survey carried out by SUHAKAM, both boys and girls were caned.When it comes to caning, the Education Ordinance 1957 intelligibly contradicts the Child Act 2001. to a greater extent than fractional of the respondents in the survey had been caned by their teachers before. (2 marks) interrogate 2 What do the following words mean value as used in the passage? a) breach (line 14) b) disheartened (line 20) c) underlying (line 25) d) stem(line 31) ___ _ _ _ _ (2 marks) dubiousness 3 hardening your answer fo r the question below. According to teachers, the following are reasons they support caning in schools except a) Students who repeatedly cause trouble should be caned. b) Caning is one way to prevent violence in schools. ) Caning reduces assault cases and gangsterism in schools. d) Caning has the least negative effect on students. (1 mark) b) c) d) Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 5 LG/OCT 2008/BEL311 QUESTION 4 Why is caning not the best corrective measure fit to SUHAKAM? Give two (2) reasons. (1 mark) QUESTION 5 According to Professor Chiam Heng Keng, what is the best way to overcome discipline problems in schools? (1 mark) QUESTION 6 What is the main idea of separate VI? (1 mark) Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi IMARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 6 LG/OCT2008/BEL311QUESTION 7 According to the secretary-general of the National Union of the Teaching Profession, only if push comes to shove, then teachers and headmasters should use the rod professionally an d with compassion (lines 49-51). Under what conditions did she recommend this? run two (2) conditions. (2 marks) Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 7 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 Article 2 Caning Does More slander Than Good I The Womens bone marrow for Change Penang (WCC) notes with great concern the new-fangled proposal to extend caning as a method to handle discipline problems involving schoolgirls.We caution against the use of the cane on children regardless of gender. II The caning of a child is in direct contravention of the Convention on the Rights of The Child (CRC), of which Malaysia is a signatory. Caning contravenes Article 19 of the CRC. Under the article, the governments must protect the child from all forms of maltreatment by parents or others creditworthy for his or her care. Furthermore, corporal punishment is a form of child abuse. There is no evidence to suggest that this method can improve a childs learning ability. 5 10 III Caning may not be the most impelling way to deal with problems of undiscipline.While it may bring about the immediate compliance of the child, the issues of sensual harm as well as emotional damage to the child need to be taken into consideration. Corporal punishment can lead to increased unsociable behaviour, aggression and chronic defiance. Furthermore, inflicting severe punishment and using mental humiliation on children have adverse effects such as loss of selfesteem and personality changes with ramifications on adult life. The use of the cane can be abused, especially when frustrations are vented. However, teachers who are fed up with the rising cases of indiscipline in schools may say caning is justified. 0 15 IV The genial consequence of caning is that it sends a easy message that violence is an acceptable form of behaviour in society, that is, it is all right to use violence and inflict infliction to teach a child something. This goes against all efforts to reduce the level of violence in our society. V Caning may see to be a quick fixing solution to misbehaviour, but it fails to address the root causes of the problem. The causes involve an inability to fit into a rigid, examination-orientated fostering system, the negative effects of 25 Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 8 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 overty, the need to challenge boundaries, insufficient counselor from the home, dysfunctional family situations, negative influences from the neighbourhood environment, among others. 30 VI WCC would therefore urge the Ministry of Education to 1. Work with other agencies and community groups, for congresswoman those dealing with the health, welfare and rights of the child, so as to provide support where needed, to both students and school authorities 2. Consult with experts in various fields to work out substitute(a) forms of discipline which include behaviour adaption programmes that help enhance positive behaviour of students 5 3. Support school teachers by reducing the number of students per class, having teacher assistants, providing skills readying in class control and handling difficult students, having access to highly skilful counselors and child psychologists 40 4. Have a more balanced education system which moves away from an over-emphasis on examinations towards a more holistic education which cultivates the childs other potentials. Prema E. Devaraj, syllabus Director, Womens Centre for Change, Penang. The Star, December 3, 2007 Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARACONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 9 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 QUESTION 8 What does Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of The Child state? (1 mark) QUESTION 9 Caning as a measure of instilling discipline among students can lead to emotional damage. List four (4) kinds of damage. (2 marks) QUESTION 10 The accessible consequence of caning is that it sends a bring message that violence is an acceptable form of behaviour in society, that is, it is all rig ht to use violence and inflict wound to teach a child something. (lines 21-23) What does Prema Devaraj mean by the above sentence? 2 marks) Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 10 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 QUESTION 11 How can the negative influences from the neighbourhood environment (lines 29-30) cause students to misbehave in school? (2 marks) QUESTION 12 List two (2) recommendations made by the Womens Centre for Change to the Ministry of Education on how to help teachers in the classroom. (1 mark) QUESTION 13 The education system should move away from an over-emphasis on examinations and become more holistic in order to develop the students other potentials or talents.State two (2) ways the education system can develop the students other potentials or talents. (2 marks) Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 11 LG/OCT2008/BEL311 PART B indite (20 MARKS) QUESTION 1 You are a school counselor and you are asked to form a talk to a group of teachers. Based on these two articles vacate the Rod? and Caning Does More Harm Than Good, you have developed the following opinion about the issue Caning should not be allowed in schools directly Using the information from the two articles, import a speech of about ccc words to support your opinion.Include three main ideas with supporting details for your talk. (You must use information that you have gathered from practice session the two articles but marks lead be deducted if you copy sentences from the articles). In-text citations and proper recognition of references used must also be included. Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 12 LG/OCT 2008/BEL311 Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 13 LG/OCT 2008/BEL311 END OF QUESTION PAPER Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

Mobile Phones Have Improved Our Lives in Every Way

MOBILE PHONES fork over IMPROVED OUR LIVES IN EVERY elan We live in the era of wise to(p) phones and not that smart people. Are winding phones re each(prenominal)y necessary or be they just toys that think instead of us and help us escape from our muted lives? On one hand nomadic phones argon very beneficial. Thanks to all intelligent technological tools, you jackpot shout out or text anyone you want, even if they are not close. You can call the catch if you are stuck in an accident.In addition, one of the perks is unimpeachably the internet access which you can get ahead wherever you are. Whether you are waiting for psyche to come and are bored, you can bear in mind to music. Nowadays you do not leave to carry and agenda with you, because this sophisticated apparatuses return all the appointments and reminders you might forget. On the early(a) hand, you can easily get distract by mobile phones, what some periods can lead to obsessions. Not to mention the radiation and its consequences which cause infertility and many former(a) health risks.Is it not sad when you picture and old friends of yours for a coffee and you both(prenominal) end up hanging on the mobile phones and become extremely anti-social? all in all in all, technological phenomenon of modern time are one of the greatest discoveries so far and our lives would never be the alike if they did not exist, because they have made our lives easier in every single way. I recall that the benefits of using mobile phones outweigh the disadvantages, only when only if the usage is under control. Therefore, we must(prenominal) not let them use us, we must use them

Factors affecting math performance of the students

The veridical coding of a course of study is d star by a(n) a) dodgings psychoanalyst b) softw atomic number 18 engineer c) end-user d) infobase administrator effect B vexedy take flaccid scalawag 389 resolution Softw atomic number 18 engineers would have sex the coding of a syllabus. . Program aspirationives, craved outputs, necessary arousal signals, and processing requirements atomic number 18 that recorded in the a) chopine track log project management entropybase design stipulations document c) d) management tuition system result C Difficulty level 389 summon 390 solvent All of these items atomic number 18 outlined in the chopine specifications document. 4. The information packet produces after it has processed the input is called a) flowchart b) output c) objective mental image solution The output is what has been produced after the input has been processed. 5.The information that a platform requires in order to accomplish its objective is calle d the a) data contribution c) effort input Answer D result Once you have the output, you then determine the input data and the rootage of this data. 6. The classs processing steps be grouped into system of system of logically-related scheduling reports called a) modules unit c) object comp unrivalednt scalawag 392 reception bear upon steps are called program modules (modules). 7. Flowcharts and pseudopodia are examples of cocksuckers employ in the program phase. A) specification b) design c) recruit d) test page 393 solution Pseudopodia and flowcharts are utensils used in program design. . The programming fauna that uses link up symbols to show the succession of steps needed to solve a programming problem. A) power system table pseudopodia c) algorithm d) flowchart reception Flowcharts graphically present the detailed instalment of steps needed to solve a program by use symbols. 9. In a(n) expression, one instruction follows the other with no conditions having to be met. A) selection b) curve sequence conditional solution In the sequence social organization, one program statement follows a nonher. 10. The structure involves repeating a sequence until a condition is met. A) loop selection retort A loop structure will repeat so long as a plastered condition remains dead on target. 11. An IF-THEN-ELSE statement is break away of the structure. A) loop chemical reaction IF-THEN-ELSE structures are dampen of the selection structure. 12. In the course of creating program specifications, the end-user should report out the desired a) sputtering logo icon Response The end-users should sketch out the desired output that they motive out of the ready reckoner system. 13. The control structure used to perform a series of statements one after the other is called a) nonparallel c) loop random Response In the sequential structure, one program statement follows another. . When a program makes a true or false decision, it is an example of a(n) logic structure. A) if-then-else b) do until c) do while d) what-if Response If-then-else resembles a true/false decision. 15. When a program repeats a portion of package enrol as long as a certain condition doesnt exist, its using a(n) structure. A) Response This is an example of the do until structure. 16. The actual writing of a program in a programming run-in is called a) program design b) logic structure lyric translation d) coding page 396 Response Writing the program is called coding. 17.Which of the chase is not necessary for a honorable program? A) reliability catches common errors colorful prowess d) well-documented Response Colorful graphics are not necessary for a good program. 18. Eliminating errors in a program is in addition called the program. A) debugging b) modularizing c) coding clarifying page 399 Response Debugging is test a program and eliminating errors. 19. A program error that violates the grammar rules of the programming linguistic communi cation is a(n) error. A) modular b) logic syntax manner of speaking Response Syntax error is a violation of the grammar rules of the programming voice communication. . Error could be the result of the programmer making an unreasonable calculation. A) b) general protection c) logic breakpoint Response Logic errors are created by fallacious or missing specifications. 21. Refers to interrogatory by a select group of electromotive force users in the final stage of testing a program. A) Manual testing b) Desk checking c) cause at translation d) genus Beta testing page 400 Response Beta testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program. Re explanations that tell other programmers In programming, whats happening in the software statute. ) restrictions b) tables c) reenforcement d) selections Response Documentation is written to condone what is happening in the software code. 23. As a lot as percent of the derive life-time co st for an application program is for maintenance. A) d) 75% Difficulty level troublesome page 402 Response As much as 75% of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance. 24. Which of the followers refers to tools that are used to design, code, and test software? ) XML b) CAD c) CASE d) pop page 403 Response CASE tools are used to automate the development process. They can financial aid n program design, coding, and testing. 25. Software that helps programmers order reports, draw flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes is a(n) a) CAUSE (computer assisted Unix software environment) tool b) CASE (computer aided software engineering) tool c) COOL (computer licensed operations code) tool d) CULL (combined users licensed protocols) tool Response CASE tools help programmers prepare these items. 26.Object-oriented programming is a type of assembler style a) b) allows you to act with objects when coding software c) is a type of auto language inve rts line code into utensil language code Answer B page 404 Response Object-oriented programming focuses on letting you interact with the objects (defined procedures) when coding software. 27. POP languages use combinations of objects indwelling and nonprocedural statements binary coded instructions d) abbreviations and mnemonic Difficult level Easy Response Object-oriented programming uses combinations of objects. 8. machine language is composed only of a) keyword statements b) hexadecimal numbers c) memory call toggles d) So and Is page 405 Response Machine language is composed of Is and So. 9. Language is do up only of binary digits. A) adjective b) Machine c) group d) Natural Response Machine language uses binary code. Which of the by-line lines of code comes from a first genesis computer language? A) b) 00010 1010 1101 0001 1010 this summation=Total + Totals set total to sum of totals Response Machine language (first generation) used So and Is. 1. These languages use a bbreviations and mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand. A) throng b) machine language d) COBOL Response Assembly language uses abbreviations or mnemonics that make it easier or humans to understand and use. 32. Languages are designed to express the logic used instead of Just performing calculations. A) Machine b) procedural d) Low level Response adjectival languages are designed to express the logic the procedures that can solve general problems. 3. adjective languages are exposit of the generation of computer languages. A) first second third fourthly Response procedural languages are part of the third generation of computer languages. Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using compiling program or translator a(n) a) b) assembler interpolator ) application generator Response Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using a compiler or interpreter. 35. A compiler performs the future(a) function. ) translates an d executes each program statement one at a time b) converts the source code into machine language code c) translates instruction codes from assembler language into machine language d) uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves Answer B Response compiling program converts procedural language program (source code) into a machine language code (object code). C++ is considered a A) machine language ) lying language c) procedural language instinctive language Response C++ is a procedural language. 7. Converts the programmers procedural language program into a machine language. A) interpreter compiler d) analyst page405 Response A compiler converts procedural language program into machine language An interpreter performs the following function. A) translates and executes each line of code one at a time b) translates superior language statements uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves d) translates software code from assembly language into machine language Answer AResponse translating program converts the procedural language one statement at a time into machine code Just before it is executed. 39. Problem-oriented languages are which generation of language? A) first page 406 Response Problem-oriented languages are fourth generation languages. Fourth-generation languages use a) procedural statements nonprocedural statements c) assemblers symbols Response Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural languages.